The Zafimaniry Woodcarving Techniques

　　Proclamation: 2003

　　Member State(s): Madagascar

　　Region: Africa

　　Associated themes: Traditional knowledge and know-how

　　Inhabiting an area of 700 square kilometers in the highlands of Fianarantsoa province in southeast Madagascar, the Zafimaniry community is the sole remaining repository of a unique woodcraft culture previously widespread on the island. The Zafimaniry settled in this remote wooded region in the 18th century, seeking refuge from the deforestation that was ravaging much of Madagascar at that time. Today, approximately 25,000 Zafimaniry live in some 100 villages and hamlets scattered among the region's misty peaks.

　　For generations, Zafimaniry foresters, carpenters and craftsmen have developed a body of practical knowledge and skills revolving around wood. This elaborate craft tradition bears witness to the central role of this cherished material in all aspects of life and death. Zafimaniry proficiency in forestry and wood sculpting can be seen in their constructions and everyday objects. Practically all wooden surfaces - walls, window frames, posts, beams, stools, chests, tools - display elaborate ornamentation. The Zafimaniry use 20 different endemic species, each adapted to a specific type of construction or decorative function. Houses and tombs are assembled entirely with traditional mortise and tenon joints, without the use of nails, hinges or other metal hardware. The traditional Zafimaniry granaries, perched on round piles, are a distinctive feature of the mountain landscape. The attractive geometric patterns adorning most Zafimaniry wooden objects are highly codified and reflect not only the community's Indonesian origins but also the Arab influences in Malagasy culture. Although the number of motifs is limited, no two pieces are identical owing to the creativity of Zafimaniry craftsmen. These motifs carry rich symbolic significance related to fundamental Zafimaniry beliefs and values. For example, the tanamparoratra (spider's web) symbolizes family ties, while the papintantely (honeycomb) represents community life. This ornamentation and other expressions, such as house design, also reveal much about an individual's role or social standing within the community.